SUMATERA IS NOT A HOMOGENEOUS SEGMENT OF GONDWANA DERIVED CONTINENTAL BLOCKS: A New Sight based on Geochemical Signatures of Pasaman Volcanic in West Sumatera.

Iskandar Zulkarnain

Abstract


Many authors have written and drawn that Sumatra is a homogeneous continental segment because it was constructed by continental blocks derived from Gondwana in different time and periods since initiation of Sundaland in the Triassic. There is an idea to suggest that Sumatra is fully recognized as a continental margin of Sundaland, while another idea draws that Sumatra consists of Sibumasu, West Sumatra Block and continental crust accreted onto Sundaland. However, both ideas have shown that Sumatra is composed of continental blocks. Geochemical signatures of Pasaman volcanic, collected from West Sumatra, using Ta/Yb versus Th/Yb discriminant diagram indicate that the rocks are derived from two different tectonic settings, not only from active continental margin (ACM) but also from oceanic arc tectonic environments. The discrimination becomes more clear and explicit in Yb (ppm) versus Th/Ta diagram where the ACM-derived rocks have Th/Ta ratio between 6-20 while the arc-derived samples show the ratio greater than 20. Identification of the tectonic setting origin of the volcanic can also be done using spider diagrams of selected trace elements, but it is not possible based on spider diagrams of REE. The geochemical signatures of Pasaman volcanic give evidence that Sumatra actually is not a homogenous segment of Gondwana-derived continental blocks, but consists of two different segments including ACM and arc tectonic settings. These evidences strengthen previous studies results in Lampung, Bengkulu and Central Sumatra. 

 

Banyak penulis yang telah menulis dan menggambarkan bahwa Sumatera adalah sebuah segmen benua yang homogen, karena ia disusun oleh sejumlah blok bersifat benua yang berasal dari Gondwana dalam waktu dan periode yang berbeda-beda sejak pembentukan Sundaland pada Zaman Trias. Terdapat pemikiran yang menganggap bahwa Sumatera sepenuhnya dikenali sebagai tepian benua dari Sundaland, sementara itu pendapat lain menggambarkan bahwa Sumatera terdiri dari Sibumasu, Blok Sumatera Barat dan kerak benua yang didorong naik ke atas Sundaland. Namun demikian, kedua pendapat tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Sumatera dibentuk oleh blok-blok benua. Ciri geokimia batuan volkanik daerah Pasaman, yang dikumpulkan dari Sumatera Barat, dengan menggunakan diagram pembeda Ta/Yb terhadap Th/Yb menunjukkan, bahwa batuan-batuan tersebut berasal dari dua lingkungan tektonik yang berbeda, tidak hanya dari tepian benua aktif (ACM), tetapi juga dari lingkungan tektonik busur lautan. Pembedaan itu menjadi lebih jelas dan eksplisit di dalam diagram Yb (ppm) terhadap Th/Ta, dimana batuan-batuan yang berasal dari ACM memiliki rasio Th/Ta antara 6 dan 20, sementara itu conto batuan yang berasal dari lingkungan busur menunjukkan rasio yang lebih besar dari 20. Identifikasi lingkungan tektonik asal dari batuan volkanik dapat juga dilakukan dengan menggunakan diagram laba-laba dari unsur-unsur jejak terpilih, akan tetapi tidak mungkin dilakukan berdasarkan diagram laba-laba dari unsur REE. Ciri geokimia batuan volkanik daerah Pasaman tersebut memberikan bukti-bukti bahwa Sumatera sesungguhnya bukanlah sebuah segmen homogen yang berasal dari blok-blok benua Gondwana, akan tetapi terdiri dari dua segmen berbeda yang mencakup lingkungan ACM dan busur. Bukti-bukti ini memperkuat hasil penelitian sebelumnya di Lampung, Bengkulu dan SumateraTengah


Keywords


Sumatra, Pasaman, non-homogeneous segment, tectonic setting, continental, arc, trace elements, discriminant diagram

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/risetgeotam2016.v26.271

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